Hike #1230; Lebanon to Swatara Gap
6/22/19 Lebanon to Swatara Gap with Justin Gurbisz and James Quinn
This next point to point hike would be the next in the 911 National Memorial Trail series.
Little boxes made of ticky tacky
It was surprising that only Justin and James showed interest in it, because this was to be the most interesting one we’d done in a while. In some ways, it was all just as well because we ended up doing far more difficult stuff than I’d have done otherwise. And at least for me, it was much more rewarding. The next hike in this series is almost entirely dedicated trail, which people will be far more inclined to join.
To recap, the 911 Memorial Trail between New York City and Shanksville PA is in the works, and a lot of the route they had planned for it did not allow for bicycles.
Cemetery
That just wouldn’t work for someone trying to hike the entire thing in a series, so I spoke to Planner Robert Thomas who gave me the hiker alternatives ahead of time.
The route we went with was tracing the historic Union Canal, something I wanted to do anyway, to the Swatara Rail Trail, which is still under development, north. We last left off with the connection to the Swatara Rail Trail.
On this hike, I wanted to trace the line north, which reportedly had all been purchased by Lebanon County.
Stoever's Dam Park
I was a little leery about hiking it before, because my friend John Discullo had had a guy come out to him with a gun when he was doing the surveys for it.
Stoever's Dam Park
Now, sections of the trail were built, and sections were not. I thought it would be cool to get through the incomplete sections, and see the new ones as well. Originally, the hike was to meet at the end point, in Lickdale, and we’d shuttle to the start. Since it was just Justin, James, and I, I decided to extend it because I knew we could handle it.
It ended up being a bit tiring even for me, let alone all three of us.
Still, I’m glad we knocked this section out, and it was quite memorable for several reasons.
Stoever's Dam Park
Justin and I arrived at Lickdale, where the southern end to the Swatara Rail Trail is, and we told James to meet us a little further north, at the Trout Run Trail Head.
Stoever's Dam Park
He arrived, and we were on our way to the start.
While driving, there was some really ridiculous Christian music horribly sung by children on the radio. So, we had to leave it on for the entire ride.
I intended for this hike to cover a lot of the open spaces separate from the Union Canal that we’d done previously, and so we headed to a point we’d reached before, and I crafted a route that was not the 911 Trail route, but would closely parallel it and give us something that I’d never done before.
Stoever's Dam Park
We parked on Canal Street, where the canal used to run, near the intersection with 6th Avenue in Lebanon.
Stoever's Dam Park
There was the park and Northwest Pond there where we parked, and we could walk right through it to the north.
We did so, and then came out into a development with strange box shaped houses. We went through to the north side of this development using grassy swaths and sidewalks connecting to Weavertown Road. On the north side of this road, there was a cemetery.
We went over a fence into the cemetery and climbed up hill to the north side on Maple Street.
Stoever's Dam Park
Maple Street had a sharp fence that would surely impale us, and a gate, but fortunately we fit beneath the gate.
The photo that triggered controversy on "The Obnoxious Hiker"
We then turned right on Maple only a short distance to yet another cemetery on the left. We cut through here and folowed it all the way to the bottom, where an informal path took us directly through to Stoever’s Dam Park, which has a perimeter trail around a scenic lake.
The lake takes it’s name from John Stoever who purchased the property from Abraham Light in the 1700s. The farm pond was repurposed for recreational use.
We turned right on the trail, which led to the access road to the Nature Barn and an area used as a community theater. We then headed back to the west along the trail following the north side of the lake. There were a lot of people around picnicking and such.
Mt Lebanon Cemetery
We went around the north side of the lake, and then to the west side along the trail until it started to skirt the Mt. Lebanon Cemetery.
Mt Lebanon Cemetery
There was a hole in the chain link fence that took us through to the cemetery, which we would follow to the west for a bit.
I took some silly photos of James and Justin, one of which Justin was planking a stone with the name “Long” on it. I posted it on the “Obnoxious Hiker” page and ended up getting all sorts of hate messages and stuff from it. It’s amazing what people get triggered over.
We continued to the west side of the cemetery, where we cut into the woods to head directly to Miller Street. We turned to the left here.
Balls
Miller Street ended at 7th Street, and I chose to bushwhack along the Brandywine Creek from here to get to the next road, 8th Street. It was a little rough back there, but we managed.
We turned right on 8th, which took us out to the old canal house building, on Maple Street, which at this point followed right along the old Union Canal.
We went to the right and tried going into a dollar store to find sunscreen or a floppy big hat, but they had nothing.
We then tried another convenience store, but Justin and James didn’t want to buy any when they had it.
We continued ahead to the left, and passed the historic Webster School House built in 1872.
We continued onto a swath of abandoned former road, and briefly turned to the right toward a sign that read “Canal Commons”.
I realized I probably made a grave error on my previous hike in the area. I had followed some of the Brandywine Creek with the thought that it and the Union Canal were one through that section, but now I saw the road named “Tow Path Way” and studied it on the aerials. It seems the canal went out this way, on the north side of a school, and then down to where we picked it up after following a stretch of the Cornwall Railroad. It’s only a tiny distance, but I’ll have to get back and follow it one of these days.
This time, since it was so hot and bright there, we headed up hill past the old stone church on the right as we headed up hill into the Coleman Memorial Park. This would be more shaded.
Historic Coleman Mansion
As we got to the top of the hill, we approached the Horace Brock Gatehouse. I didn’t know anything about these properties when we first arrived, but they turned out to be quite interesting.
Homestead Mansion
We walked to the right a bit, because there was an ice cream stand just below the entrance road to the right. There was a young girl weed whacking out behind it, but she gave us no acknowledgement.
Horace Brock Gate House
The place was closed, so we walked up past the gate house again, and then found a trail going into the woods to the left. I think it was blazed orange.
Historic mansion
This property was originally that of the Coleman family associated with the iron and coal industry discussed in previous entries. George Dawson and Robert Coleman constructed the first hot blast coal fired furnaces in Lebanon County just below their homes, conveniently located on the Union Canal, and later railroad.
As we walked this trail, some ruins came into view to the right. I think some of the masonry ruins we were seeing were those associated with the aforementioned blast furnaces. These furnaces were built in the 1840s, and the mansions were built shortly after, just above.
The mansion of George Dawson Coleman, built in 1853. The land eventually came to the ownership of Lebanon, either deeded to through donation or by sale, from the descendants that inherited it.
Coleman Park band shell
The Homestead, which was what the main Coleman House was referred to as, fell into disrepair and was demolished in 1961, but the gate house remains, and the remainder of it and adjacent estates are now Coleman Memorial Park.
Former mansion site
The trail took us through woods, and then out to an open area with parking lots. There was also a pool in this park that was gated and fenced off, and some buildings.
Weird growing roots
To the left, we passed a large band shell for outdoor concerts. The original band shell is said to have been made from componets of the Arthur and Sarah Brock Mansion that was torn down in 1937 at the request of Sarah Brock.
The trail seemed to continue following the access road on the south side, which was alright. We walked along, and soon came to a very pretty area set up like an outdoor wedding venue. This it turns out was the former site of the mansion of John Penn Brock. This mansion was torn down in 1939, but the steps that led out the back of it and down toward the old canal are still in place and used as a trail now.
Ruins in the old Coleman land
We walked around this venue, and then followed these steps down hill until we got to the intersection of 22nd Street and Union Canal Drive.
We started following Union Canal Drive to the west from here. This was built on the historic route of the Union Canal, and was the same route we followed on the previous hike.
We continued just as we had that time, out to the parking area and then along the towpath heading to the west.
We noted that there were a few people fishing, but that no one walked for than fifty feet off of the parking lot. People really are pretty lazy.
Union Canal Tunnel
We continued on, and soon came to the mouth of the Union Canal Tunnel, the oldest transportation tunnel in America.
My then and now
The Union Canal opened for business in 1828, and the tunnel was opened in 1827. Only the Auburn Tunnel on the Schuykill Navigation was older, but that one was daylighted.
Union Canal Tunnel
We went to the mouth of it, and I wanted to try to walk through. I figured it couldn’t be that deep any more, and even during canal days they didn’t make it more than six or so feet.
I started into it, but the depth got above my armpits right away. I opted not to try for it this time. It also looked kind of gross going in.
I headed back out, and we climbed up over the top of the tunnel, walked down Tunnel Hill Road, and into then turned to the right into the north side of the Union Canal Tunnel park.
We turned to the right in the park to head over to the west portal of the tunnel and took a little break there. That side had a long cut heading up to it, and originally the tunnel was a bit longer. The first bit of it was daylighted early on, but it’s still pretty substantial.
Lock 1
We left this point and started following the canal westbound for a bit. It was getting pretty hot, and we were out in the open.
At the end of the park section was a fence, the same spot we reached the last time out there, and I decided we’d chance it and follow the canal further on to locks 1 and 2 west.
I was surprised to see that this time, the path out to Lock 1 was mowed down and in good shape, but shortly after it became grown in. We hurried past lock 1, but then it was some bad bushwhacking. The last time we were out, we go through it with no problem, but this time was quite a different story. It got so bad that I just eventually got down in the canal to continue walking, just after reaching lock 2.
Both locks were in great shape, made of lovely cut stone fitted together quite perfectly. They are quite different than the field stone constructed locks we were used to seeing on the Delaware and Hudson Canal, or the somewhat cut locks on the Lehigh.
At Lock 2
I continued toward the railroad overpass site, and used the water to wash the sweat from my brow while waiting for Justin and James to catch up. I had gotten quite a bit ahead. There was really no way around but to fight through the weeds because there was swamp land immediately adjacent to the towpath.
When they caught up, we climbed to the railroad grade, which was well developed as trail at this point.
We turned right to follow the trail to the north, which really seemed too wide.
The railroad was the Lebanon and Tremont Branch of the Reading Railroad, and before that the Pine Grove and Lebanon Railroad.
The Pine Grove and Lebanon Railroad opened between the two towns in 1870, to connect with the Reading Railroad’s Lebanon Valley line. The line merged with the Good Spring Railroad and the Lorberry Creek Railroad to form the Lebanon and Tremont Railroad in 1871, and later merged into the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad entirely to become the branch of the same name.
Like most rail lines, it was scaled back over time. Some bits further to the north were closed with the closing of coal mining facilities dating back to around 1920. Much of it remained in service until major scaling back started around 1965 at Suedberg. More of it was abandoned from the 1970s, and I believe most was gone by 1978 or 81.
The new rail trail section
The right of way was clear and brought us out to Long Lane, beyond which it was a farm lane.
Now, I had read that the entire railroad right of way was purchased by Conrail, and that I guess it was Lebanon County owned it entirely.
Regardless of that, apparently some people are fighting it. When John Discullo was out hiking with us, he told us that a guy approached him with a gun and told him to stay off.
The rail bed
I was a bit concerned about this, but since I heard so much more of it was under development, I figured much of it would be better by this point.
We continued walking.
The rail bed continued along the driveway till it turned left, then continued in an open farm lane straight ahead. We were able to follow it until we got to a fenced in area for Reazer’s Disposal, where the fill had been partly removed. There was a sort of farm lane down below along the edge of fields we thought we might be able to take, but it was looking pretty bad. Aerial images showed that we’d have come out behind several back yards, and I didn’t want to chance a problem. We turned back around, and as we traveled, a guy was coming in the driveway. He asked what we were doing, and I said I was just looking for the trail, but that we must have gone the wrong way.
“It’s not going through our fields” the guy said. I apologized and said we were heading back out, and he drove off. He wasn’t unfriendly about it. I noticed on the way out that there was a “no trespassing” sign, but that it had been put down in the dirt along the way.
We got back to Long Lane and had to follow it to the left for a ways, gradually up hill, and past a road called Allison Road (which made me think of the old Gin Blossoms song). This was the same road we crossed before heading to Lock 1, a driveway at that side.
We continued past this point and down to Rt 72 where there was a Dollar General. We stopped for a break there.
We went in and goofed around a bit, then sat out front and enjoyed some snacks before moving on.
We headed up the road to where there was a cut over to Orange Lane and a yard sale going on. Of course, we had to check it out. This one looked substantial.
The rail bed
It turns out, the people running this yard sale also owned a store with all of this random type of stuff in downtown Lebanon. We had a nice discussion with them about pronunciations, and how it’s “Leb-nin”, not the more phonetic “Leb A Non”. We were told similarly that “Louisville” Kentucky is not “Lou-ee-ville”, but rather the two syllable “Loovull”. We laughed about these pronunciations being like how Mr. Buckett would say them.
While looking through the stuff, James found that they had an original Nintendo Entertainment System in fine condition, with the original box, controllers, gun, and several games for like seventy five dollars. He couldn’t turn that down. I nearly told them I’d take it, but I didn’t have cash. James was about to carry it with us the rest of the way, until I suggested we just leave it there and pick it up on the way back through. The owners agreed, he paid, and we’d call them when we got done. They assured us that someone was always up.
New trail section
We continued back to Rt 97 briefly, and then turned left on the abandoned former start of Heilmandale Road. The road now connects at a better intersection within sight.
We continued up this road in the horrible sun, until we reached where the railroad crossed again.
Once we got to this point, where the track bed was parallel with Elias Ave in the start of the village of Heilmandale, we turned right.
The rail bed was right through cut grass lawn area. We had to hurry. I knew it went into the woods pretty shortly, but I didn’t want to have a problem. It’s probably true that it’s all county land now, but there are clearly people fighting it.
We got past the yard section and off into the woods. There were some dogs barking at nearby lands, but not close enough that they’d be a problem.
I powered fast through this section. James and Justin got pretty far behind. I don’t know what came over me in this point, but I had to get through fast and see as much as I could.
New Swatara bridge decking
I made my way on through, and the rail bed emerged on another driveway. At this point, I could see all the way out to where it crossed the next road, Mountville Drive. It became a more open driveway, where at first it was just a sort of wood lined route.
Once I got out by the houses, I hurried on through and across Mountville Drive. It was open on the other side, a large field area, so I hurried across that and to the Lebanon Auto Auction property. I went behind some higher grass for a break and watched for James and Justin in teh distance to come out. They looked confused when I saw them standing along side the road. I motioned for them to come toward me, and they made their way around some of the high grass.
From here, we skirted the backs of some more car dealerships with the railroad bed off in the woods to our left. We eventually emerged again along Rt 72, Jonestown Road.
We continued along this until Old Jonestown Road broke off to the right. We turned right there, although the rail bed remained along 72 for just a bit longer. It soon crossed the newer highway and then closely paralleled Old Jonestown Road. I noted a box culvert visible from the road along the right of way carrying a small tributary, and then the right of way was visible in a back yard.
We heaed up to New Bunkerhill Street, where the railroad used to cross just to the west of the intersection. Now, there was a driveway built on it with several cars parked. There was no sign of a greenway there, but there was some sort of bulldozed route heading off along a field directly across from the intersection of Old Jonestown Road. I guessed that this MUST be the new trail connection. I chose to take a gamble and walk the thing, which weaved to the left after the first home and headed over to the rail bed. This was the new trail.
After getting back on the railroad bed, the fill was at first plowed away, but then became recognizable as we entered the woods. The entire trail was finished here with crushed stone surfacing.
Union Canal
There were several different plans at this point. We wanted a lunch stop, and Frogs Hollow Tavern was a short distance away. I had gotten a text from Natalia Gokhman who was going to meet up with us at lunch and maybe continue from there. I figured that meeting at the bar and grill would be the best idea.
Unfortunately, Natalia drove to Lebanon New Jersey rather than Lebanon PA, and so that didn’t work out.
Also, I was counting on the old railroad bridge over the Swatara Creek being undecked. The trail was finished for some time to the north side, but not to the south. I figured we would either have to cross on the beams, or otherwise swim the creek. The other option was to bushwhack back to the creek from the west if we stopped at the tavern.
With Natalia not coming, we had no reason to be at a place at a certain time, so we moved on to the north.
I was totally surprised when we got to the bridge, a through style truss structure, that it was completely redecked and ready to use, but chain link and wood barriers were erected to keep people off on either side.
This of course didn’t stop us. We managed to climb over the first barrier, and the second one was even easier.
This was great news. We’d get through so much more quickly. We already had to go way out of the way before Heilmandale, so this helped us to save a little time.
Fun
We continued on the trail after climbing the second barrier, which remained on the railroad bed until coming close to a new development on the left. There, the rail bed continued but a new trail broke off down hill to the right. We remained on the trail.
The trail turned abruptly left after a bit of a descent, and I immediately noticed that there was a trench next to us. I soon realized that this was in fact the Union Branch Canal. This served as both a feeder canal to the main one, a swell as for carrying coal down from Pine Grove. The trail followed the old towpath. This was really pretty cool.
The trail did turn to the right, away from the canal for a bit, but stayed pretty close to it.
West Jonestown Station historic photo
When we got to Jonestown Road, there was a bridge over the Swatara Creek to the right, beyond which was an Italian place, and there were mini marts to the west.
We opted to walk up the street to the mini marts to see what we could find.
Jonestown historic 1921 photo from Journey Through the Past collection
The first place didn’t have a great selection, and it was really hot inside. That was Hutter’s Store. We then crossed the street to try the Turkey Hill, which was a little better. We got some food and drinks and hung out for a bit, and I went to a liquor store around the corner to get some Long Island Iced tea. Surprisingly, James and Justin didn’t want any when I got a whole six pack.
The area was a bit depressed. There was an abandoned gas station across the street. We goofed on all of the people coming and going from the place.
Former Union Canal
When we continued out, we found a religious race event sign, which almost seemed racist in it’s wording, saying “One god, one race, one religion, etc”. Very strange.
Underpass
We returned to the trail and turned left to follow it north. It took us along the creek, and then along a bit of what would have been the Union Canal again. It then turned to the left to return to the Lebanon and Tremont Branch, and followed it beneath Route 22.
On the other side of 22, the trail ended abruptly. It was still passable, but as a narrow single track path. We continued walking it through much more pleasant dense woods.
I was actually hoping the trail would be open at this point, but we had to make due.
Union Canal
Along the way, we came across a sign that said no hunting and no trespassing, with the name Robert Walborn. The sign was very old and falling over. I figure this is no longer accurate if the county got the entire right of way, so we continued on.
Spot for a dip
It didn’t go on for all that long and there was another sign on the other side of this tract reading the same, but facing the south.
When we got to the point where the railroad bed went out into some open fields, we opted to turn away and head to the east. I figured for this next section, we could follow some of the old Union Canal, which was obvious as per aerial images.
We found it in short order, and followed parallel with it out into some fields.
We kept to the edge of these fields, and then turned into the woods as we got closer to the Swatara Creek. A small tributary flowed around the field edges, which led us to the former Union Canal prism. We climbed up to that, and followed the towpath as closely as possible to the north.
Somehow, Justin and James ended up on the berm side of the canal, which still held onto some mucky water, so they had to walk that side while I was on the towpath. It was some fighting through undergrowth, but not too abrasive.
We continued along as the canal got closer to the creek, and we took a little break back in there. I needed to take a dip pretty badly.
The creek was running strong for a little thing, so I had to hold on pretty tight to some tree roots.
We continued from here back to the canal route and followed it to the Rt 78 fill which had obliterated the canal.
The railroad bed has a bridge under the highway, but it comes out too close to the homes on farms on the other side. I didn’t want to have a problem. So, we headed over a trench next to the highway, and then made our way under the bridge that carries the highway over the Swatara Creek. We then followed the creek up stream through some brush parallel with the former canal.
We came across a sign that said it was Lebanon County land for future public use, but that it was currently closed. It was a bit late for that. We continued along the former canal route to the north. No one bothered us at the house site, as we were totally out of sight through the trees below.
We had to fight through some weeds on the towpath, and had some trouble when crossing a power line, but there was one section that opened up very nicely. There was no access to it from anywhere, but it was almost like people had been using it, though they clearly were not.
Old culvert the stream bypassed
As we got to a certain point, the canal used to cross to the other side of the creek. We couldn’t really see any remnants of this, but that was the case. The weeds got too rough on the canal, and we then made our way back up slope to pick up the Lebanon and Tremont Branch again.
This was much clearer. We managed to follow it peacefully for a little while until there was a creek crossing.
I went down to find that there was a double box culvert that once carried the creek beneath the railroad, but that it got clogged and the rail bed was washed away to the north of it. I waded across, and then navigated through the weeds on the other side by walking along a layer of broken off fallen tree.
The rail bed below Lickdale
Justin and James had had enough of the bushwhacking and such, and were going to try to find their own way out rather than cross the stream. There was no way I was going to miss a section of one of these historic rights of way after all this, so I told them I would meet them in Lickdale to the north. It wasn’t all that far.
The rail bed opened back up pretty well in a short while, and then followed a very lovely shelf along the Swatara. I hurried along in this section, and eventually came to where there were some houses and such closer to it, and some was blocked off. I went down slope to along the creek to avoid this, and then climbed up when I was past only to find the grade was fenced in through some business. I had to follow the fence to the right of this facility along more slopes, and then emerged at the edge of the fence where a bridge took the railroad over the Forge Creek. This now served as the access to this lot area.
The rail bed below Lickdale
There were some strip mall type places over the rail bed just ahead. I was just relieved to have gotten out. I put my phone back on to text the guys and let them know where I was. I was going to head over to the Burger King for something to eat.
1956 image of Lickdale Station
I went in and sat down, and had a a double cheeseburger and a chicken junion, but the chicken junior was so hard that I couldn’t even eat it. I never usually have bad experiences at Burger King, but this one was weird. Thankfully, they let me have a second double cheeseburger rather than the chicken junior and I was pretty happy.
Lickdale Station from Larry Weer collection
Justin and James came in pretty soon. They ended up walking through some sketchy fields of experimental stuff they apparenlty weren’t supposed to be in, and got some food. James got this giant slab of a few whopper patties and cheese for something like five bucks, which was a great deal.
|We couldn’t be waiting around here for too long. It was going to get dark, and I’d added the bonus miles thing. The route was supposed to be trail the entire remainder of the way, so it shouldn’t be hard, but I still wanted to move.
We passed through a camp ground area of KOA, which was where the station used to be for Fort Indiantown Gap apparently (named such rather than Lickdale).
Lickdale Station from Dan West Collection
I wasn’t sure where the track bed was for sure, but we just followed the camp road north until we got to the DCNR signs by the state, and entered the woods. This eventually took us to a parking area in the middle of nowhere. We saw a lady who told us we shouldn’t have to worry about getting locked in anywhere too much, and we continued walking.
There is a big loop in this area where a track apparently had a turnaround rather than a turntable, an interesting little spot. I had wanted to walk around it, but we hadn’t the time.
In Lickdale PA
We continued to the north, as the trail closely paralleled the access road out to Monroe Valley Road. On the other side, it became a narrower, pleasant path through woods.
We passed the collapsing ruin of a barn or something on the right as we walked, crossed a little tributary, and passed a pond. After a bit, we got to the historic iron bridge over the Swatara Creek. It is often known as the Inwood Bridge. There was a station at this site from 1870 until 1903, with a small structure.
Inwood Bridge, Dan West Collection
The historic Inwood Bridge, built in 1899 by the Pittsburg Bridge Company, was in it's final days before removal after spending 120 years fixed in this place. It had no deck on it, and there were large vehicles poised to remove it probably the next day. We were just in time to see it for it’s last time.
The bridge will be replaced with a new structure, and there are some plans to re-install the old one as a pedestrian bridge elsewhere.
Last days of the Inwood Bridge
We continued past the handsome old bridge into more woods, but closely parallel with Rt 72. We passed then beneath the Interstate 81 bridge, and soon came to the historic Waterville Bridge.
The 1890 Waterville Bridge, a rare lenticular through truss bridge, originally from Lycoming County PA, was removed and placed over the Swatara Creek in Swatara State Park PA as an Appalachian Trail crossing. The AT joined the rail trail only briefly and climbed up, but we continued on it to the north.
When another trail cut off to the left, which I don’t think was there the last time I was there, we took it up hill. This was the one that led back toward the Trout Run trailhead.
AT crossing, Waterville Bridge
It was getting pretty dark, and the trail soon came closely parallel with Rt 72, so I cut through weeds to walk that the short distance to the parking area.
It was a great relief when I walked in and the gates were still unsecured.
Just as we were getting into James’ car, headlights came in. It was the ranger there to lock the gates. We had made it just in time!
We headed back to the south, and I tried to call the yard sale people about the Nintendo but wasn’t getting an answer. We drove there and James knocked on the door to find them. Fortunately, there was someone there to get it for him, and we were off back to my van
UNder the interstate in Swatara Gap
This turned out to be a much more tiring hiking than I’d really counted on. It would have been alright if I’d just ended it at Lickdale like originally planned, but the way we did it gave us a lot more ground. There’s a ton more to explore at Swatara since the last few hikes I did there, so it’s just another place we’ll have to go back to. For now, the next trip will take us from there to St. Anthony’s Wilderness as we start to close in on the Susquehanna River.
HAM
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